VPN

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

VPN or Virtual Private Network describes a network that includes secure remote access for client computers. It can be explained best by looking at its parts. Virtual describes the fact that the network doesn't need to be physically connected. The Private confirms that the data is encrypted and can only be viewed by a defined group. The last word, Network, means that the users configured for VPN can be connected and share files or information.

For instance, field representatives for a company can work on the "home offices" network over the Internet. This access will have the same look and feel as if they are back at the office physically connected to their network, except the reps are working at the speed of their local modem. The data is sent to and from the reps (or to and from the network) encrypted, so it's extremely difficult for anyone to snoop on confidential information.

IPSEC

IPSEC is one of the best VPN solutions. It connects networks via the Internet using encrypted traffic, so an office in San Francisco can share different files and data with an office in Boston in a secure fashion. IPSEC also allows Windows 2000 or Windows XP client machines, which support IPSEC by default, to connect to Real Time's Linux Firewall.

PPTP

Another option for VPN is PPTP or Point to Point Tunneling Protocol. PPTP works best connecting Real Time's Firewall Solution with remote client machines running Windows 95/98/ME via encrypted network traffic.

L2TP

Free proxy

list:
http://freeproxy123.info/
http://www.terrysproxy.com/
http://bypass.secure.la/
and so on....
etc:
www.download.com/Freegate/3000-2085_4-10415391.html
ultrasurf
http://www.ultrareach.com/
byk lagi laman proxy ni yg membolehkan kita access website yg di bang...
ni dah malas nak cari lagi...
klau rajin nanti link ni akan di up lagi..hehehe

shortcut

Windows system key combinations
• F1: Help
• CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
• ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
• ALT+F4: Quit program
• SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently

Windows program key combinations
• CTRL+C: Copy
• CTRL+X: Cut
• CTRL+V: Paste
• CTRL+Z: Undo
• CTRL+B: Bold
• CTRL+U: Underline
• CTRL+I: Italic

Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects
• SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands
• SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)
• ALT+double click: Displays properties
• SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin

General keyboard-only commands
• F1: Starts Windows Help
• F10: Activates menu bar options
• SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object
• CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)
• CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)
• ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box
• ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to view the task-switching window)
• SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature
• ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)
• ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)
• CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) program
• ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu
• ALT+F4: Closes the current window
• CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window
• ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window)

Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcuts
For a selected object: • F2: Rename object
• F3: Find all files
• CTRL+X: Cut
• CTRL+C: Copy
• CTRL+V: Paste
• SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin
• ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object
To copy a file
Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.
To create a shortcut
Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

General folder/shortcut control
• F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
• F5: Refreshes the current window.
• F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
• CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
• CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
• CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
• BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
• SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders

Windows Explorer tree control
• Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection
• Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current selection
• Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current selection.
• RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the first child
• LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent

Properties control
• CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs

Accessibility shortcuts
• Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys on and off
• Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and off
• Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off
Microsoft Natural Keyboard keys
• Windows Logo: Start menu
• Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box
• Windows Logo+M: Minimize all
• SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all
• Windows Logo+F1: Help
• Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer
• Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders
• Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
• CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer
• CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick

Launch toolbar and the system tray)
• Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons
• Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box
• Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType software installed
• Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows
• Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager
• Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel
• Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard
• Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
• Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
• Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)
• Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
• Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off

Dialog box keyboard commands
• TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog box
• SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control in the dialog box
• SPACEBAR: If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the option.
• ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)
• ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button
• ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item

command

chmod
chmod [options] mode files chmod [options] --reference=filename files

Change the access mode (permissions) of one or more files. Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the mode. mode can be numeric or an expression in the form of who opcode permission. who is optional (if omitted, default is a); choose only one opcode. Multiple modes are separated by commas.

Options
-c, --changes
Print information about files that are changed.

-f, --silent, --quiet
Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.

--help
Print help message and then exit.

-R, --recursive
Traverse subdirectories recursively, applying changes.

--reference=filename
Change permissions to match those associated with filename.

-v, --verbose
Print information about each file, whether changed or not.

--version
Print version information and then exit.

Who
u
User.

g
Group.

o
Other.

a
All (default).

Opcode
+
Add permission.

-
Remove permission.

=
Assign permission (and remove permission of the unspecified fields).

Permissions
r
Read.

w
Write.

x
Execute.

s
Set user (or group) ID.

t
Sticky bit; used on directories to prevent removal of files by non-owners.

u
User's present permission.

g
Group's present permission.

o
Other's present permission.

Alternatively, specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. The first digit designates owner permission; the second, group permission; and the third, other's permission. Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:

4
Read.

2
Write.

1
Execute.

Note that a fourth digit may precede this sequence. This digit assigns the following modes:

4
Set user ID on execution to grant permissions to process based on the file's owner, not on permissions of the user who created the process.

2
Set group ID on execution to grant permissions to process based on the file's group, not on permissions of the user who created the process.

1
Set sticky bit.

Examples
Add execute-by-user permission to file:

chmod u+x file

Either of the following will assign read/write/execute permission by owner (7), read/execute permission by group (5), and execute-only permission by others (1) to file:

chmod 751 file chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=x file

Any one of the following will assign read-only permission to file for everyone:

chmod =r file chmod 444 file chmod a-wx,a+r file

The following makes the executable setuid, assigns read/write/execute permission by owner, and assigns read/execute permission by group and others:

chmod 4755 file

linux command

Unix/Linux Command Reference .com
File Commands
ls – directory listing
ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files
cd dir - change directory to dir
cd – change to home
pwd – show current directory
mkdir dir – create a directory dir
rm file – delete file
rm -r dir – delete directory dir
rm -f file – force remove file
rm -rf dir – force remove directory dir *
cp file1 file2 – copy file1 to file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it
doesn't exist
mv file1 file2 – rename or move file1 to file2
if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into
directory file2
ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to file
touch file – create or update file
cat > file – places standard input into file
more file – output the contents of file
head file – output the first 10 lines of file
tail file – output the last 10 lines of file
tail -f file – output the contents of file as it
grows, starting with the last 10 lines

Process Management
ps – display your currently active processes
top – display all running processes
kill pid – kill process id pid
killall proc – kill all processes named proc *
bg – lists stopped or background jobs; resume a
stopped job in the background
fg – brings the most recent job to foreground
fg n – brings job n to the foreground

File Permissions
chmod octal file – change the permissions of file
to octal, which can be found separately for user,
group, and world by adding:
● 4 – read (r)
● 2 – write (w)
● 1 – execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all
chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world
For more options, see man chmod.

SSH
ssh user@host – connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host – connect to host on port
port as user
ssh-copy-id user@host – add your key to host for
user to enable a keyed or passwordless login

Searching
grep pattern files – search for pattern in files
grep -r pattern dir – search recursively for
pattern in dir
command grep pattern – search for pattern in the
output of command
locate file – find all instances of file

System Info
date – show the current date and time
cal – show this month's calendar
uptime – show current uptime
w – display who is online
whoami – who you are logged in as
finger user – display information about user
uname -a – show kernel information
cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information
cat /proc/meminfo – memory information
man command – show the manual for command
df – show disk usage
du – show directory space usage
free – show memory and swap usage
whereis app – show possible locations of app
which app – show which app will be run by default

Compression
tar cf file.tar files – create a tar named
file.tar containing files
tar xf file.tar – extract the files from file.tar
tar czf file.tar.gz files – create a tar with
Gzip compression
tar xzf file.tar.gz – extract a tar using Gzip
tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – create a tar with Bzip2
compression
tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – extract a tar using Bzip2
gzip file – compresses file and renames it to
file.gz
gzip -d file.gz – decompresses file.gz back to
file

Network
ping host – ping host and output results
whois domain – get whois information for domain
dig domain – get DNS information for domain
dig -x host – reverse lookup host
wget file – download file
wget -c file – continue a stopped download

Installation
Install from source:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a package (Debian)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a package (RPM)

Shortcuts
Ctrl+C – halts the current command
Ctrl+Z – stops the current command, resume with
fg in the foreground or bg in the background
Ctrl+D – log out of current session, similar to exit
Ctrl+W – erases one word in the current line
Ctrl+U – erases the whole line
Ctrl+R – type to bring up a recent command
!! - repeats the last command
exit – log out of current session
* use with extreme caution.


Command Linux 2 know.....
Create, Copy, & Delete
cp [from] [to]Copy files/directories from one location to another.
mv [from] [to]Move files/directories from one location to another. Can also be used for renaming.
rm [options] [file]Remove files/directories. Wildcards supported for [file].
mkdir [name]Create a directory.
rmdir [name]Remove a directory.
touch [name]Creates the [name] if it does not exist or updates the time stamp.
Display
ls [options]List files/directories.
Commonly used options:-l = full information
-a = show files who's name begins with . (aka hidden files)
find dir_to_start_in -name file_to_find -printSeach for a file. Wildcards accepted.
pwdPrint the current directory path you are in.
df [options]Show space available on disk. Without options shows for all mounted file systems
duShow space used by current directory and sub-directories.

Modify Attributes
chown [name] [file]Change the owner of the files/directories. Wildcards supported for [file].
chgrp [name] [file]Change the group of the files/directories. Wildcards supported for [file].
chmod [permissions] [dir_or_file]Change the access permissions of the files/directories. Wildcards supported for [dir_or_file].A few common values for [permissions]:
777 = owner [rwx] group [rwx] world [rwx]
775 = owner [rwx] group [rwx] world [r-x]
"Sticky-bits":0### = clear all sticky-bits1### = only owner of file can do things to it
2### = group that "owns" directory will be assigned to all files created inside
4### =This may give you more information.
Environment Variables
printenvShow all environment variables
export [variable]="[value]"Set an environment variable
unset [variable]Remove a variable

Misc
ln [options] [target] [linkname]Makes links to selected [target]s. Default is hard links. Typically you use -s, an option, for symbolic links.
rpm [do what] [options] [file]Use RH's package manager to install, upgrade, or remove packages. Wildcards supported for [file].Install = rpm -ivh [file]Upgrade or install if not exist = rpm -Uvh [file]Upgrade but don't install if not exist = rpm -Fvh [file]Query = rpm -q [package name] (ex: rpm -q sendmail)Query with grep = rpm -qa grep [name]Information = rpm -qi [package name]Remove = rpm -e [package]For options you can use, in most cases:--nodep: ignore dependencies--replacefiles: replace conflicting filesMore info that you care to know about RPM http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/index.html
e2fsck [options] [device]Check and/or repair the file system. Use e2fsck --help for a full list of options.
mke2fs [options] [device]Create a file system on a partion (aka format).Example - check for bad blocks, ext3, 1% reserved, label:mke2fs -c -j -m1 -L [label] /dev/hdxx
diff [options] original changed >patch_fileMake a patch of changed (a) file(s). Example:diff -u3 -r file.c.orig file.c >file.patch
freeDisplay memory usage.
tarA directory and sub directories & compress it:With the directory name while you are in the parent:tar clf - ./dir_name compress > name.tar.ZTo list the contents of the resulting file:zcat name.tar.Z tar tvf - more
topDisplay process information real-time. Use h for help and q to quit.

sftp

DESCRIPTION
sftp is an interactive file transfer program, similar to ftp, which performs all operations over an encrypted secsh transport. It may also use many features of secsh, such as public key authentication and compression. sftp connects and logs into the specified host, then enters an interactive command mode.

The second usage format will retrieve files automatically if a non-interactive authentication is used; otherwise, it will do so after successful interactive authentication.

The last usage format allows the sftp client to start in a remote directory.

Options

-1
Specifies the use of protocol version 1.

-b batchfile
Batch mode reads a series of commands from an input batchfile instead of stdin. Since it lacks user interaction it should be used in conjunction with non-interactive authentication. sftp will abort if any of the following commands fail: get, put, rename, ln, rm, and lmkdir.

-C
Enables compression (via secsh's -C flag)

-F ssh_config
Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file for secsh. This option is directly passed to secsh.

-o ssh_option
Any valid -o option to secsh can be specified, and it is directly passed through when secsh is invoked. This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate sftp command-line flag. For example, to specify an alternate port:

sftp -oPort=24

-s subsystem|sftp_server
Specifies the SSH2 subsystem or the path for an sftp server on the remote host. A path is useful for using sftp over protocol version 1, or when the remote secshd does not have an sftp subsystem configured.

-S program
Specifies the name of the program to use for the encrypted connection. The program must understand secsh options.

-v
Raises logging level. This option is also passed to secsh.


Interactive Commands
Once in interactive mode, sftp understands a set of commands similar to those of ftp. Commands are case insensitive and path names may be enclosed in quotes if they contain spaces.


bye
Quits sftp

cd path
Changes remote directory to path.

lcd path
Changes local directory to path.

chgrp grp path
Changes group of file path to grp. grp must be a numeric GID.

chmod mode path
Changes permission of file path to mode.

chown own path
Changes owner of file path to own. own must be a numeric UID.

exit
Quits sftp.

get [flags] remote-path [loacl-path]
Retrieves the remote-path and stores it on the local machine. If the local path name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote machine. If the -P flag is specified, then the file's full permission and access time are copied too.

help
Displays help text.

lls [ls-options] [path]]
Displays local directory listing of either path or current directory if path is not specified.

lmkdir path
Creates local directory specified by path.

ln oldpath newpath
Creates a symbolic link from oldpath to newpath.

lpwd
Displays local working directory.

ls [flags] [path]
Displays remote directory listing of either path or current directory if path is not specified.

If the -l is specified, this command displays additional details including permissions and ownership information.

lumask umask
Sets local umask to umask.

mkdir path
Creates remote directory specified by path.

put [flags] local-path [local-path]
Uploads local-path and stores it on the remote machine. If the remote path name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the local machine. If the -P flag is specified, then the file's full permission and access time are copied too.

pwd
Displays remote working directory.

quit
Quits sftp.

rename oldpath newpath
Renames remote file from oldpath to newpath.

rmdir path
Removes remote directory specified by path.

rm path
Deletes remote file specified by path.

symlink oldpath newpath
Create a symbolic link from oldpath to newpath.

! command
Executes command in local shell.

!
Escapes to local shell.

?
Synonym for help.